裝載機是一種廣泛用于公路、鐵路、建筑、水電、港口、礦山等建設(shè)工程的土石方施工機械，它主要用于鏟裝土壤、砂石、石灰、煤炭等散狀物料，也可對礦石、硬土等作輕度鏟挖作業(yè)。換裝不同的輔助工作裝置還可進(jìn)行推土、起重和其他物料如木材的裝卸作業(yè)。

A loader is a type of earthwork construction machinery widely used in construction projects such as highways, railways, buildings, hydropower, ports, and mines. It is mainly used to shovel and load loose materials such as soil, sand and gravel, lime, coal, etc. It can also perform light excavation operations on ores, hard soil, etc. Replacing with different auxiliary work devices can also be used for soil pushing, lifting, and loading and unloading of other materials such as wood.

裝載機可以分為輪胎式裝載機、履帶式裝載機等，具有作業(yè)速度快，機動性好，操作輕便等優(yōu)點，因而發(fā)展很快，成為土石方施工中的主要機械。

Loaders can be divided into tire type loaders, track type loaders, etc., which have the advantages of fast operation speed, good mobility, and easy operation. Therefore, they have developed rapidly and become the main machinery in earthwork construction.

裝載機作為一個有機整體，其性能的優(yōu)劣不僅與工作裝置機械零部件性能有關(guān)，還與液壓系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)性能有關(guān)。動力系統(tǒng)：裝載機原動力一般由柴油機提供，柴油機具有工作可靠、功率特性曲線硬、燃油經(jīng)濟等特點，符合裝載機工作條件惡劣，負(fù)載多變的要求。機械系統(tǒng)：主要包括行走裝置、轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)和工作裝置。液壓系統(tǒng)：該系統(tǒng)的功能是把發(fā)動機的機械能以燃油為介質(zhì)，利用油泵轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐簤耗?，再傳送給油缸、油馬達(dá)等轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C械能?？刂葡到y(tǒng)：控制系統(tǒng)是對發(fā)動機、液壓泵、多路換向閥和執(zhí)行元件進(jìn)行控制的系統(tǒng)。液壓控制驅(qū)動機構(gòu)是在液壓控制系統(tǒng)中，將微小功率的電能或機械能轉(zhuǎn)換為強大功率的液壓能和機械能的裝置。它由液壓功率放大元件、液壓執(zhí)行元件和負(fù)載組成，是液壓系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行靜態(tài)和動態(tài)分析的核心。

As an organic whole, the performance of a loader is not only related to the mechanical components of the working device, but also to the performance of the hydraulic system and control system. Power system: The main power of a loader is generally provided by a diesel engine, which has the characteristics of reliable operation, hard power characteristic curve, fuel economy, etc., and meets the requirements of harsh working conditions and variable loads of loaders. Mechanical system: mainly including walking device, steering mechanism, and working device. Hydraulic system: The function of this system is to convert the mechanical energy of the engine into hydraulic energy using fuel as the medium, and then transmit it to cylinders, oil motors, etc. to convert it into mechanical energy. Control system: The control system is a system that controls the engine, hydraulic pump, multiple directional valve, and actuator components. Hydraulic control drive mechanism is a device in hydraulic control systems that converts small power electrical or mechanical energy into powerful hydraulic and mechanical energy. It consists of hydraulic power amplifier components, hydraulic actuator components, and loads, and is the core of static and dynamic analysis in hydraulic systems.

裝載機的分類：

Classification of loaders:

1、按行走方式分：

1. Classified by walking mode:

(1)履帶式：接地比壓低，牽引力大，但行駛速度慢，轉(zhuǎn)移不靈活。

(1) Crawler type: low ground to ground ratio, high traction, but slow driving speed and inflexible transfer.

(2)輪胎式：行駛速度快，機動靈活，可在城市道路行駛，使用方便。

(2) Tire type: fast driving speed, flexible mobility, can be used on urban roads, convenient to use.

2、按機身結(jié)構(gòu)分：

2. Classified by body structure:

(1)剛性結(jié)構(gòu)：轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑大，但行駛速度快。

(1) Rigid structure: With a large turning radius but fast driving speed.

(2)鉸接結(jié)構(gòu)：轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小，可在狹窄地方工作。

(2) Articulated structure: With a small turning radius, it can work in narrow areas.

3、按回轉(zhuǎn)方式分：

3. Classified by rotation method:

(1)全回轉(zhuǎn)：可在狹窄場地作業(yè)，卸料時對機械停放位置無嚴(yán)格要求。

(1) Full rotation: can operate in narrow areas, and there are no strict requirements for the parking position of machinery during unloading.

(2)90°回轉(zhuǎn)：可在半圓范圍內(nèi)任意位置卸料，在狹窄場地也可發(fā)揮作用。

(2) 90 ° rotation: can unload materials at any position within a semi-circular range, and can also play a role in narrow areas.

(3)非回轉(zhuǎn)式：要求作業(yè)場地較寬。

(3) Non rotating: requires a wider work area.

4、按傳動方式分：

4. Classified by transmission mode:

(1)機械傳動：牽引力不能隨外載荷變化而自動變化，使用不方便。

(1) Mechanical transmission: The traction force cannot automatically change with external load changes, making it inconvenient to use.

(2)液力機械傳動：牽引力和車速變化范圍大，隨著外阻力的增加，車速可自動下降。液力機械傳動可減少沖擊，減少動載荷，保護(hù)機器。

(2) Hydraulic mechanical transmission: The range of changes in traction and vehicle speed is large, and as the external resistance increases, the vehicle speed can automatically decrease. Hydraulic mechanical transmission can reduce impact, reduce dynamic load, and protect the machine.

(3)液壓傳動：可充分利用發(fā)動機功率，降低燃油消耗，提高生產(chǎn)率，但車速變化范圍窄，車速偏低。

(3) Hydraulic transmission: It can fully utilize engine power, reduce fuel consumption, and improve productivity, but the range of speed changes is narrow and the speed is low.